most certainly

μάλα [ μᾰλᾰ; but Hom. sts. uses the ult. long before λ, Il.3.214, 4.379; before μ, 10.172], Adv.

A very, exceedingly, prefixed or subjoined to Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs:

1 strengthening the word with which it stands,

a with Adjs., in Hom. most freq., μάλα πολλά very many, Od.1.1; μ. πᾶσα, μ. πάντα, every one, all together, Il.13.741, Od.2.306, etc.; μάλ' ἀσκηθής all unhurt, 5.26; ἀβληχρὸς μ. τοῖος quite gentle, 11.135; σαρδάνιον μ. τοῖον a quite sardonic smile, 20.302;

μάλα μυρίοι 15.556

, 16.121, etc.; ἐμέο πρότερος μ. actually before me, Il.10.124; later, μ. φιλόσοφοι, πλάτανος μάλ' ἀμφιλαφής, etc., Pl.Prm. 126b, Phdr. 230b, etc.: strengthd., μ. δὴ πρεσβύτης very old, X.Cyr.8.7.1;

μ. γέ τινες ὀλίγοι Pl.R. 531e

.

b with Advs., πάγχυ μ., μ. πάγχυ, quite utterly, Il.12.165, 14.143;

πάνυ μ. Pl.Phd. 80c

; εὖ μ. right well, Od.22.190, Pl.Phd. 92d, etc.;

μάλα.. εὖ Od.23.175

, cf. Pl.Tht. 156a; μάλ' αὐτίκα (v. αὐτίκα) ; μάλ' αἰεί for ever and aye, Il.13.557, 23.717; ἄχρι μ. κνέφαος until quite dark, Od.18.370; μάλ' ὧδε just in this way, 6.258; μ. διαμπερές right through, Il.20.362; μ. μόλις (v. μόλις); to express repeated action,

μάλ' αὖθις A.Ag. 1345

, Ch. 654;

μάλ' αὖ S.El. 1410

, etc.; μ. alone,

ἔα, ἔα μ. A.Ch. 870

;

οἲ μ. καὶ τόδ' ἀλγῶ Id.Pers. 1045

(lyr.);

εἶα μ. Ar. Pax 460s

q. (so

ἄλλος πύργος.., καὶ ἕτερος μ. ἐπὶ τούτῳ Hdt. 1.181

, cf. 7.186): freq. after

καί, αὗταί σ' ὁδηγήσουσι καὶ μάλ' ἀσμένως A.Pr. 728

, cf. Ch. 879: with neg., μάλ' οὐ, μάλ' οὔ πως, Il.2.241, Od. 5.103;

οὐ μ. Hdt.1.93

, 2.37, S.Ph. 676 (lyr.).

c with Verbs,

μήτ' ἄρ με μάλ' αἴνεε Il.10.249

;

μ. τ' ἔκλυον αὐτοῦ 1.218

; ἡ δὲ μάλ' ἡνιόχευεν drove carefully, Od.6.319; μ... προπέμπει in earnest, A.Th. 915 (lyr.), cf. Eu. 368 (lyr.);

καὶ μ. δοκοῦντας φρονίμους εἶναι X.Cyr.6.1.36

;

μ. πολιορκούμενοι Id.HG7.1.25

.

2 strengthening an assertion, νῦν σε μ. χρὴ αἰχμητὴν ἔμεναι, i.e. now or never, Il.16.492; τῷ κε μάλ' ἤ κεν μεῖνε .. then doubtless he would have stayed, Od.4.733; σοὶ δὲ μάλ' ἕψομ' ἐγώ yes indeed.., Il.10.108; ἀλλὰ μάλ' ὤφελλες why plainly.., Od.4.472: freq. with another word, as ἦ μ. δή .. now in very truth, Il.5.422, etc.;

ἦ δή που μ. 21.583

; freq. ἦ μ. (without δή) 3.204, etc.

3 in Hom. sts. after εἰ, as εἰ μ. μιν χόλος ἵκοι if wrath come on him ever so much, Il.17.399, cf. Od.5.485, al.;

καὶ εἰ μ. τις πολεμίζοι Il.9.318

; also μ. περ c. part., μ. περ μεμαώς though desiring never so much, 13.317, cf. 14.58, 17.710, al.;

καὶ μ. περ 1.217

, cf. 17.571;

καὶ εὐρέα περ μάλ' ἐόντα Od.18.385

.

4 in [dialect] Att. freq. in answers, yes, certainly,

μ. γε Pl.R. 555d

, 564e, etc.;

μ. τοι X.Mem.1.2.46

;

καὶ μ. Pl.Phdr. 258c

;

καὶ μ. γε Id.Tht. 148c

, etc.; καὶ μ. δή ib. 177a; καὶ μ. ἐπαύσατο certainly it stopped, Id.Smp. 189a, etc.

II [comp] Comp. [full] μᾶλλον [[pron. full] ᾱ by nature, Hdn.Gr.2.932], [dialect] Ion. [full] μάλιον [pron. full] [ᾰ] only in Tyrt.12.6, cf. Choerob.in An.Ox.2.240; late [dialect] Dor. [full] μαλλότερον Pempel. ap. Stob.4.25.52:—more, rather, Il.5.231, Od.1.351, al.: mostly folld. by ἤ, but in Prose also by a gen., μ. τοῦ ξυμφέροντος more than is expedient, Antipho 5.1;

μ. τοῦ δέοντος Pl.Grg. 487b

, X.Mem.4.3.8 (sts. expressed by μᾶλλον alone, Pl. Phd. 63d);

οὐπώποτ' ἔργου μ. εἱλόμην λόγους E.Fr. 394

; παντὸς μ. most assuredly, Pl.Lg. 715d (v. infr. 8); in Id.Ap. 36d, οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅτι μ. πρέπει οὕτως, ὡς.., ὡς is prob. = ἤ (v. ὡς): denoting a constant increase, more and more, sts. doubled,

μ. μ. E.IT 1406

, Ar.Ra. 1001 (lyr.), Alex.29: in positive sense, exceedingly,

κηρόθι μ. Il.9.300

, Od.15.370, al.:—Usage:

1 freq. strengthened by other words,

πολὺ μ. Il.9.700

, etc.;

ἔτι μ. 14.97

, al.;

μ. ἔτ' ἢ τὸ πάροιθεν Od.1.322

;

καὶ μ. Il.8.470

;

καὶ μ. ἔτι Od.18.22

;

ἔτι καὶ μ. Pi.P.10.57

;

ἔτι καὶ πολὺ μ. Il.23.386

, 429, Hes.Th. 428;

ἐπὶ μ. Hdt.3.104

;

ἔτι ἐπὶ μ. Id.1.94

;

πολλῷ μ. Pl.Phd. 80e

, 1 Ep.Cor.12.22: also modified, μᾶλλόν τι somewhat more,

μ. τι περιημέκτεε Hdt.1.114

, cf.50, etc.;

μ. ἤδη προσδεχομένου Th.8.71

.

2 sts. with a second [comp] Comp.,

ῥηΐτεροι μ. Il.24.243

, cf. Hdt.1.32, A.Th. 673, Supp. 279, S.Ant. 1210, E.El. 222, Pl. Phd. 79e, Is.4.14 (s.v.l.), Arist.Top. 116b24.

3 μᾶλλον δέ much more.., or rather.., to correct a statement already made,

ὁ δεσπότης πέπραγεν εὐτυχέστατα, μ. δ' ὁ Πλοῦτος αὐτός Ar.Pl. 634

;

πολλοί, μ. δὲ πάντες D.18.65

, cf. Pl.Smp. 173e; so

ἢ μ. Corn.ND20

, Simp.in Ph.25.16; οὐχὶ μ. ἤ .. not so, but rather so.., Th.2.87.

4 μ. δὲ καὶ ἡσυχαίτερα more or less violent, Id.3.82.

5 οὐδὲν μ. none the more, ib.79;

οὐδέν τι μ. Pl.Phd. 87d

; μηδέν τι μ. ἤ .. S.Aj. 280.

6 μ. ἤ .. folld. by οὐ in comparisons, where preference implies rejection or denial,

πόλιν ὅλην διαφθεῖραι μᾶλλον ἤ οὐ τοὺς αἰτίους Th.3.36

: preceded by another neg., Hdt.4.118, 5.94, 7.16. γ, etc.: by an interrog. which conveys a neg. force, τίδεῖ.. μᾶλλον, ἤ οὐ .. ; X.HG6.3.15.

7 τὸ μ. καὶ ἧττον, a form of argument, a fortiori, Arist.Rh. 1397b12.

8 παντὸς μ., v. πᾶς 111.4.

III [comp] Sup. [full] μάλιστα most of all, above all, Hom., etc.;

πᾶσι, μάλιστα δ' ἐμοί Od.21.353

; μ. μὲν.., ἔπειτα or ἔπειτα δέ .., first and above all.., next.., S.OT 647, cf. Ph. 1285; μ. μὲν.., δεύτερον δὲ .. Is.2.20; μ. μὲν.., εἰ δὲ μὴ .. Hdt.8.22, Th.1.40, Pl.R. 590d, D.20.25, etc.;

τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶ μ. μὲν θάνατος, εἰ δὲ μή, πάντα τὰ ὄντα ἀφελέσθαι Id.21.152

; μάλιστα μὲν.., μᾶλλον μέντοι .. Pl.Smp. 180b; μάλιστα.., εἰ μὴ δ' .. S.Ph. 617; δοκέων μιν μ. ταύτης ἂν πείθεσθαι certainly, Hdt.3.53; τί μ.; what precisely? Pl.Grg. 448d, cf. Men. 80b, Smp. 218c: c. gen. partit.,

μ. πάντων Hdt.2.37

, Pl.Prt. 327a, cf. Th. 4.86; τὸ μ. πάντων the supreme reality, Plot.5.5.11; τὸ μ. εἶναι the highest degree of being, Id.6.2.7.

1 strengthd., ὡς μ. certainly, A.Supp. 294, Pl.R. 460a, etc.;

ὅσον μ. A.Pr. 524

;

ὅσα ἐδύνατο μ. Hdt.1.185

;

ὡς δύναμαι μ. Pl.R. 367b

;

ὡς οἷόν τε μ. Id.Grg. 510b

;

εἰς ὅσον ἀνθρώπῳ δυνατὸν μ. Id.Phdr. 277a

;

ὅτι μ. δύνασαι Id.Sph. 239b

;

μακρῷ μ. Hdt.1.171

;

πολλῷ μ. Paus.1.42.3

;

παντὸς μ. D.H.3.35

, etc.

2 with the Art., ἐς τὰ μ. in the highest degree, Hdt.1.20, 2.76, Th.6.104, 8.6, D.21.212: without

ἐς, φίλοι τὰ μ. Hdt.2.147

, cf.Th. 1.92, D.21.62;

τά γε μ. Pl.Lg. 794d

; εἰ τὰ μ. ἦσαν ἀληθεῖς if they were ever so true, D.18.95; εἰ τὰ μ. μὴ τινές, ἀλλὰ πάντες .. if ( to put an extreme case) not some, but all.., Id.20.2;

εἰ.. δοκοίη τὰ μ. Id.18.21

; ἀνὴρ δόκιμος ὁμοῖα τῷ μ. as famous as he that is most [famous], Hdt.7.118, cf. 3.8;

τοῖς μάλισθ' ὁμοίως D.Ep.2.24

.

b ἐν τοῖς μ. especially, as much as any, Th.8.90, Pl.Smp. 173b, etc.: with a [comp] Sup.,

ἐν τοῖς μ. ὠμότατος Ael.VH14.40

;

φιλτάτη καὶ ἀναγκαιοτάτη ἐν τοῖς μ. Procop.Arc.4

.

3 added to a [comp] Sup. (v.

μάλα 11.2

, πλεῖστον) , ἔχθιστος μ., μ. φίλτατος, Il.2.220, 24.334;

μ. κῃ ἐμφερέστατα Hdt.2.76

;

μ. φίλτατος E.Hipp. 1421

: to a [comp] Comp. (?),

μ. δὴ ὀκνηρότεροι ἐγένοντο Th.4.55

.

4 μάλιστα for

μᾶλλον, μ. τῆς κόρης E.IA[1594]

;

μ. ἤ ἐμοί A.R.3.91

.

5 with numerals, in round numbers, about, Th.3.29, 92, X.HG5.2.31, etc.; πεντήκοντα μάλιστα is 49 in Th.1.118;

ἑκατοστὸς μ. 99t

h, Id.8.68; ἐς μέσον μάλιστά κῃ about the middle, Hdt. 1.191, cf. 76;

ἥμισυ μ. Th.1.93

; μ. σφᾶς μεσοῦν δειπνοῦντας that they were about the middle of supper, Pl.Smp. 175c;

κου μ. Hdt.7.22

;

μ. πως Plb.2.41.13

.

6 in answers, most certainly, Ar.Pl. 827, etc.;

μ. γε S.OT 994

, Ar.Nu. 253;

μ. πάντων Id.Av. 1531

;

πάντων μ. Pl.Grg. 453d

; v. supr.1.4. (Orig. perh. fiercely, cf. μαλερός.)

πῶς (Hom.+)

① interrog. reference to manner or way, in what way? how?

ⓐ in direct questions

α. to determine how someth. has come to be, how someth. is happening, or should happen; w. indic. how? in what way? πῶς ἔσται τοῦτο; Lk 1:34. πῶς ἀναγινώσκεις; 10:26; cp. the indirect qu. Mk 12:26 (s. b, below). πῶς οὖν ἠνεῴχθησάν σου οἱ ὀφθαλμοί; J 9:10.—3:4, 9; 9:26; Ro 4:10 (π. οὖν); 1 Cor 15:35 (cp. 1 Ch 13:12); B 5:5 (π. οὖν); IEph 19:2 (π. οὖν); Hm 3:3 (π. οὖν); GJs 17:11 AcPl Ha 5, 3. In ref. to the content of a document πῶς ἀναγινώσκεις; what do you read?=‘What does it say?’ Lk 10:26 (s. HLjungvik, Eranos 62, ’64, 31); πῶς γέγραπται; What does it say (about the Messiah)? GJs 21:2 (codd.). W. the special mng. with what right? with what evidence? in what sense? πῶς λέγουσιν οἱ γραμματεῖς ὅτι ὁ Χριστὸς υἱὸς Δαυίδ ἐστιν; Mk 12:35.—Mt 22:43 (π. οὖν), 45; Lk 20:41, 44 (cp. Gen 39:9); J 12:34 (GrBar 10:8).—γέγραπται Mk 9:12.

β. in questions indicating surprise how is it (possible) that? I do not understand how (Manetho[?] in Jos., C. Ap. 259 a series of questions expressing surprise, introduced again and again by πῶς; Lucian, Deor. Conc. 10 πῶς φέρεις; TestAbr B 6 p. 110, 12f [Stone p. 68]) πῶς παρʼ ἐμοῦ πεῖν αἰτεῖς; J 4:9.—7:15; Ac 2:8; Gal 4:9. W. οὖν J 9:19; AcPl Ha 10, 9. W. a neg. (Isocr. 6, 4) πῶς οὐ νοεῖτε; how is it possible that you don’t understand? Mt 16:11; Mk 8:21 v.l. πῶς οὐκ ἔχετε πίστιν; how is it that you have no faith? Mk 4:40 v.l. πῶς οὐ συνίετε; 8:21 v.l. Cp. Lk 12:56.

γ. in questions denoting disapproval or rejection with what right? how dare you? πῶς ἐρεῖς τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου; Mt 7:4 (πῶς ἐρεῖς as Jer 2:23). πῶς εἰσῆλθες ὧδε; how is it that you are bold enough to come in here? 22:12. πῶς σὺ λέγεις; how can you say? (cp. Job 33:12; TestAbr B 10 p. 115, 4 [Stone p. 78, 4]) J 14:9.—Lk 6:42; what does he mean by saying? J 6:42; 8:33; 1 Cor 15:12; Gal 2:14.

δ. in rhetorical questions that call an assumption into question or reject it altogether how (could or should)?=by no means, it is impossible that (Job 25:4; Ar. 3, 2 al; Just., D. 51, 2 al.; Tat., 4, 2; Ath. 16, 4; 19, 2) πῶς (οὖν) σταθήσεται ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ; Mt 12:26; Lk 11:18. Cp. Mt 12:29, 34; Mk 3:23; 4:13; J 3:12; 5:44, 47; 6:52; 9:16; 14:5 (KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 94f). ἐπεὶ πῶς κρινεῖ ὁ θεὸς τὸν κόσμον; otherwise (i.e. if he were unjust) it would be impossible for God to judge the world Ro 3:6. Cp. 6:2; 1 Cor 14:7, 9, 16; 1 Ti 3:5; Hb 2:3; 1J 3:17; 4:20 v.l.; B 5:10; MPol 9:3; Hv 3, 9, 10.—If πῶς is accompanied by a neg., the ‘impossible’ becomes most surely, most certainly (Hyperid. 3, 35; 5, 15; Pr 15:11 πῶς οὐχί; EpArist 149; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 256; Just., D. 18, 3 πῶς οὐχί; al.; Tat. 8, 1; 32, 2) πῶς οὐχὶ τὰ πάντα ἡμῖν χαρίσεται; Ro 8:32.—2 Cor 3:8.—As an exceptional case the opt. w. ἄν (potential; s. B-D-F §385, 1; Rob. 938; 1021f and Ael. Aristid. 29 p. 557 D.; Just., D. 127, 3; Tat. 16, 1; 17, 3f; Ath. 19, 3 al.) πῶς γὰρ ἂν δυναίμην;=it is impossible for me to do so Ac 8:31 (s. Gen 44:8; Dt 28:67; Sir 25:3).

ε. in questions of deliberation w. a deliberative subjunctive (B-D-F §366, 1; Rob. 934f.—Epict. 4, 1, 100; M. Ant. 9, 40; 2 Km 23:3; Sir 49:11; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 19, 2) πῶς οὖν πληρωθῶσιν αἱ γραφαί; Mt 26:54. πῶς ὁμοιώσωμεν τὴν βασιλείαν; what comparison can we find for the Kingdom? Mk 4:30. πῶς φύγητε; how are you to escape?=you will not escape at all Mt 23:33. πῶς οὖν w. subj. Ro 10:14a, foll. by πῶς δέ and the subj. three times in vss. 14bc, 15.—Hs 5, 7, 3.

ⓑ in indirect questions

α. w. indic. after verbs of knowing, saying, asking etc. ἀκούειν B 7:3 (Just., A I, 40, 1 al.); cp. Mk 12:26. ἀπαγγέλλειν Lk 8:36; 1 Th 1:9. βλέπειν 1 Cor 3:10; Eph 5:15. διηγεῖσθαι Mk 5:16; Ac 9:27ab; 12:17. εἰδέναι (X., Mem. 1, 2, 36) J 9:21; Col 4:6; 2 Th 3:7; GJs 23:3. ἐπέχειν Lk 14:7; ἐπιδεικνύειν B 6:13. ἐπισκέπτεσθαι Ac 15:36. ἐπίστασθαι 20:18. ἐρωτᾶν J 9:15. θεωρεῖν Mk 12:41 (TestAbr B 8 p. 113, 10 [Stone p. 74]). καταμαθεῖν Mt 6:28 (on π. αὐξάνουσιν here s. PKatz, JTS 5, ’54; 207–9); ISm 6:2. κατανοεῖν Lk 12:27; 1 Cl 24:1; 37:2. μεμνῆσθαι GJs 9:2. μνημονεύειν Rv 3:3. νοεῖν 1 Cl 19:3. ὁρᾶν 50:1.—The addition of an article gives the indir. question the value of a noun παρελάβετε τὸ πῶς δεῖ ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν 1 Th 4:1 (s. also β below).—In some of the passages given above in this section πῶς could have the same mng. as ὅτι that, and this equation at the same time suggests how the Hellenic ear grasped the significance of ὅτι that (for the synonymity in later Gk. s. Epict. 1, 18, 7; 2, 25, 3; 3, 22, 51; Jos., Ant. 12, 205; BGU 37, 6 [50 A.D.]; PRyl 235, 6 ἐθαύμασα δὲ πῶς οὐκ ἐδήλωσάς μοι. See GHatzidakis, Einl. in die neugriech. Gramm. 1892, 19; Rdm.² 196; B-D-F §396; Rob. 1032). That is clearly the mng. in Mt 12:4; Mk 2:26; Ac 11:13; B 11:1; B 14:6; 1 Cl 34:5.

β. w. deliberative subjunctive (ParJer 6, 11 and 14) μὴ μεριμνήσητε πῶς ἢ τί λαλήσητε Mt 10:19.—Mk 11:18; 14:1, 11; Lk 12:11. μεριμνᾷ πῶς ἀρέσῃ 1 Cor 7:32, 33, 34 (t.r. has the fut. in Mk 11:18 and 1 Cor 7:32–34; s. Herodian 5, 4, 9 ἠγνόουν, πῶς χρήσονται τῷ πράγματι). In this case, too, the article can be added (s. α) Lk 22:2, 4; Ac 4:21 (ParJer 6:15).

② in exclamations (cp. 1aβ; Schwyzer II 626) how … ! (X., An. 6, 5, 19 al.; Epict. 1, 16, 13; 4, 1, 115; 116, Ench. 24, 3 πῶς ἄνισοί ἐστε καὶ ἀγνώμονες; M. Ant. 6, 27.—B-D-F §436; Rob. 302; OLagercrantz, Eranos 18, 1918, 26ff; KRupprecht, Philol. 80, 1924, 207) πῶς δύσκολόν ἐστιν Mk 10:24; cp. vs. 23; Lk 18:24. πῶς συνέχομαι 12:50. πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν J 11:36.—Hm 11:20; 12, 4, 2.—JBauer, Pōs in der gr. Bibel, NovT 2, ’57, 81–91. DELG s.v. πο-. M-M. EDNT.

παντελής, ές,

A all-complete, absolute,

παντελῆ σάγην ἔχων A.Ch. 560

;

μοναρχία S.Ant. 1163

; πανοπλία, ἐλευθερία, μανία, Pl.Lg. 796c, 698a, D.Chr.38.17; π. δάμαρ mistress of the house, S.OT 930; δήμου π. ψηφίσματα with full authority, A.Supp. 601;

π. κήρυγμα S.Ichn.13

; π. ἐσχάραι complete tale of sacrificial hearths, Id.Ant. 1016.

2 π. δύναμις ἁ τᾶς δεκάδος perfect, Philol. ap. Stob.1 Prooem.3, cf. Dam. Pr. 195.

II [voice] Act., all-accomplishing,

Ζεύς A.Th. 118

(lyr., s. v.l.);

χρόνος Id.Ch. 965

(lyr.);

π. εὐεργέτης S.Ichn.79

.

III Adv. παντελῶς, [dialect] Ion. - έως, altogether, utterly, with Verbs,

διῶρυξ π. πεποιημένη Hdt.7.37

;

λίθινα π. ἐξειργασμένα IG12.372.93

; παντελέως εἶχε τὸ οἴκημα it was quite finished, Hdt.4.95;

π. διώρισε A.Pr. 440

; π. κρανθήσεται ib. 911; π. θανεῖν to die outright, S.OT 669;

ἐκμεμάθηκα ταῦτα π. Epicr.4

, etc.: with Adjs.,

π. βαθεῖα φάλαγξ X.HG2.4.34

;

π. ἄφρων Men.694

;

ἄχρηστα π. Philippid.12

;

π. Βοιώτιοι Alex.237.1

; οὐ π. not at all, Men.5; from first to last,

π. ἕως ἂν διεξέλθῃ διὰ πάντων Arist.Pol. 1298a16

.

2 in answers, most certainly,

παντελῶς γε Pl. R. 379c

, 485d;

π. μὲν οὖν Id.Prm. 155c

, 160b, R. 401a.

3 later εἰς τὸ παντελές, = παντελῶς, Ph.2.567, Ev.Luc.13.11, Ael.NA17.27, S.E. M.7.30, Jul.Or.2.61c; = for ever, Rev.Bibl.39.544,546 ([place name] Palmyra), PLond.3.1164f11 (iii A. D.), etc.;

κατὰ τὸ π. Ph.1.90

, al.

ἰσχῡρός, ά, όν, ([etym.] ἰσχύς)

A strong, esp. of personal strength, S.Ph. 945, E.Fr. 290, etc.; of things,

ἰ. βέλος Alc.15.4

;

ῥεύματα Hdt.8.12

; ἰ. χθών hard, A.Pers. 310; of food, indigestible, Hp.Art.50; of taste, strong, Thphr.HP7.6.1; of armies,

ἰσχυροτέρα φάλαγξ X.Cyr.7.1.30

; of places, Th.4.9, X.An.4.6.11, etc.;

τῆς χώρης τὸ -ότατον Hdt.1.76

; τὸ ἑαυτοῦ ἰ., opp. τὰ τοῖς πολεμίοις ἰ., X.Eq.Mag.8.24; τὰ ἰσχυρότατα your strongest points, Th.5.111; τὰ τῆς πόλεως ἰ. that in which the strength of the state lies, Aeschin.3.66; ὁρῶντες οὐδὲν ἰ. ἀπὸ τῶν Λεσβίων no show of strength, Th.3.6; ἰ. τι πρὸς τὸ πρᾶγμ' ἔχειν a strong point, Men.Epit. 130;

- ότατον τεκμήριον SIG685.84

(Crete, ii B.C.).

2 powerful,

ἄλοχος Διός A.Supp. 302

;

πόλις E.Supp. 447

;

θεός Ar.Pl. 946

;

ἰ. τὸ πολλόν Hdt.1.136

;

οἱ ἰ. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν X.Ath. 1.14

: [comp] Comp.

-ότερος, ἐς πειθώ Democr.51

;

ὁ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος -ότερός μου ἐστίν Ev.Matt.3.11

.

3 forcible, violent, severe, σιτοδείη, ψύχη, Hdt.1.94,4.29;

λιμός Ev.Luc.15.14

;

ἀναγκαίη Hdt.1.74

; αἱ λίαν ἰ. τιμωρίαι violent, excessive, Id.4.205; ὅρκος -ότατος, ἀνάγκαι -όταται, Antipho 5.11, 6.25;

νόσημα Hp.

Acut.(Sp.) 4;

βήξ Th.2.49

; γέλως, ἐπιθυμίαι, etc., Pl.R. 388e, 560b, etc.; νόμος ἰ. severe, Hdt.7.102, Lys.15.9;

ἔχθρα Pl.Phdr. 233c

; γνώμη -οτέρη more positive, Hdt.9.41; τρόπῳ ᾧ ἂν δύνωνται -οτάτῳ Foed. ap. Th.5.23; κατὰ τὸ ἰσχυρόν by main force, opp. δόλῳ, Hdt.4.201, cf.9.2.

4 of literary style, vigorous, D.H.Comp.22; also of syllables, strong, ib.16; στάσεις λαμβάνειν ἰ. ib.22.

II Adv. - ρῶς strongly, with all force,

ἐγκεῖσθαι Th.1.69

, etc.;

φυλάττειν τινάς X.An.6.3.11

.

2 very much, exceedingly, with Adjs., Hdt.4.108; ἔθνος μέγα ἰ. ib. 183;

διώρυγες ἰ. βαθεῖαι X.An.[1.7.15]

, etc.;

ἰ. χλωρόν Hp.Prog.11

; κίνησις νωθὴς ἰ. Arist.HA 503b9;

ἰ. φιλοπλάτων Phld.

Ind Sto.61: with Verbs, ἰ. ἥδεσθαι, ἀνιᾶσθαι, X.Cyr.8.3.44; ἀπήγγειλεν ὅτι πάντα δοκοίη ἰ. τῷ εὐνούχῳ ib.5.3.15: [comp] Comp.

- οτέρως Heraclit.114

, Hdt.3.129;

- ότερον X.Cyr.4.5.12

, etc.: [comp] Sup., in answers, ἰσχυρότατά γε most certainly, Id.Oec.1.15.

Grammatical information: pl.

Meaning: in κορθίλας ποιεῖν (IG 2², 2493, 16; IV^a), of garden-work, exact meaning unknown; cf. κορθίλας καὶ κόρθιν τοὺς σωρούς. καὶ την συστροφήν H., also κορθέλαι συστροφαί, σωροί H.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Since Fick BB 17, 322 connected with χόρτος etc. (s. v.), which is most certainly wrong. Cf. κόρθυς. Prob. a Pre-Greek formation.

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ὁμολογουμένως (ὁμολογέω) adv. (Thu. et al.; pap, 4 Macc) pert. to being a matter on which there is general agreement, uncontestable, undeniably, most certainly, beyond question (Thu. 6, 90, 3; X., An. 2, 6, 1; Pla., Menex. 243c; Diod S 9, 11, 2; 13, 27, 4; Epict. 1, 4, 7; Vett. Val. 168, 17; UPZ 161, 65 [119 B.C.]; 162 V, 32; 4 Macc 6:31; 7:16; 16:1; EpArist 24 [s. p. xxix Wendl.]; Jos., Ant. 1, 180; 2, 229.—Crönert 241; Hippol., Ref. 5, 7, 22; 9, 10, 6) 1 Ti 3:16; Dg 5:4.—M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `Poseidon' (Att.).

Dialectal forms: Myc. Posedao, dat. -ne.

Derivatives: Beside it ep. poet. Ποσειδάων, - άωνος, Ion. - έων, lyr., also Cret., Epid., Arc. a.o. inscr. Ποσειδάν, Arc. also Ποσοιδάν, from where Lac. Ποhοιδάν (on the acc. Hdn. 2, 914 a. 916). With - τ- in Dor. forms from diff. areas: Ποτειδά(Ϝ)ων, - δάν, also (Dor. a. Att. com.) Ποτ(ε)ιδᾶς; further also (Aeol.?) Ποτοιδαν (Pergam. V^a). -- From it 1. Ποσειδώνιος (also as PN), - δαώνιος, - δάνιος, Ποτειδάνιος `consecrated to P.', esp. - ιον n. `temple of P.' 2. Ποσιδήϊος (ep. Ion. beside Aeol. Ποσειδάων, metr. condit.; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 20), - δεῖος, - δαῖος, - ιον n. `id.', Myc. Posidaijo, with Ποσιδηϊών, - δεών IA. Monthname. 3. Ποτείδαια f. name of a Corinth. colony on Chalkidike. 4. Ποτιδάϊχος Boeot. PN (Bechtel Dial. 1, 267).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: From Ποτειδά̄Ϝων (like Μαχά̄-ων, Άρετά-ων a.o.; Schwyzer 521) arose through contraction - δῶν, - δάν; beside it - δᾶς; cf. Έρμ-άων, - άν, - έας, - ῆς (Kretschmer Glotta 9, 217). The adj. Ποσιδήϊος prob. rather after Όδυσήϊος, Νηλήϊος a.o. than (with Schwyzer 271) from an unatt. *Ποσιδᾶς. The assibilated forms must be generalized from Ποσι- beside older Ποτει-. -- God of the waters (rivers, sources, of the sea). The name is not certainly interpreted. Already by Fick Curt. Stud. 8, 307 explained as univerbation of a voc. *Πότει Δᾶς `o Lord (spouse) of Da, i.e. the earth' (s. Δήμητηρ), an interpretation, which was accepted by Hoffmann and esp. by Kretschmer several times (e.g. Glotta 1, 27 f., 382f.; 13, 245; 22, 255, Wien. Stud. 24, 523ff.) argued and presented with consent of several scholars (Schulze, v. Wilamowitz [s. Schwyzer 271], Mayrhofer AnzAltWiss. 5 [1952] 59 ff., Schachermeyr Poseidon und die Entstehung des griech. Götterglaubens [Bern 1950] 13 ff., Schwyzer 446 a. 572). Ποσι- was then taken as a younger form of the voc., Ποτοι- sometimes (e.g. Schwyzer l.c.) explained as old ablaut-form (rejected by Kretschmer Glotta 1, 383). -- Rejection or doubt by Bechtel Dial. 1, 64f., Fraenkel Lexis 3, 50 ff., thus by several other scholars, who proposed instead other, certainly not better hypotheses: Ehrlich Betonung 81 ff. (to ποταμός and οἶδμα; by Kretschmer Glotta 6, 294 rejected); Heubeck IF 64, 225 ff. (to πόντος and δαῆναι); Carnoy Les ét. class. 22, 342 (2. member to Skt. dā́nu- `drop, dew'). Older attempts w. rich lit. in Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 445 w. n. 2 a. 3. -- Ruijgh REG 80(1967)6-16 concludes that Pre-Greek origin remains a possibility, which seems to me the most probable conclusion. I would posit a form *pat^yaitūn, with a pronounced [o] after labial, with ai pronounded as [ei] as often, and with ū = ω; but I found no confirmation of this reconstruction.

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ὕψιστος, η, ον (Pind., Aeschyl.+; loanw. in rabb.) superl. of the adv. ὕψι; no positive in use

① pert. to being the highest in a spatial sense, highest (Diog. L. 8, 31 ὁ ὕψιστος τόπος, acc. to Pythagoras, is the place to which Hermes conducts pure souls) τὰ ὕψιστα the highest heights=heaven (Job 16:19; Ps 148:1; PsSol 18:10; JosAs 22:9=מְרוֹמִים; cp. 1QM 14, 14; 17, 8) ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις grant salvation, (thou who art) in the highest heaven Mt 21:9; Mk 11:10 (Goodsp., Probs. 34f). δόξα ἐν ὑψ. Lk 2:14 (opp. ἐπὶ γῆς); 19:38 (w. ἐν οὐρανῷ, which means the same). ὁ ὕψιστος ἐν ὑψίστοις the Most High in the highest (heaven) 1 Cl 59:3 (cp. Is 57:15).

② pert. to being the highest in status, ὁ ὕψιστος the Most High of God, distinguished from lesser deities and other objects of cultic devotion (Ζεὺς ὕψιστος: Pind., N. 1, 60 [90]; 11, 2; Aeschyl., Eum. 28; CIG 498; 503; 1869 al.; Aristonous, in Coll. Alex. 1, 7 p. 163 [ACook, Zeus I/2, 1925, 876–89; CRoberts, TSkeat and ANock, The Gild of Zeus Hypsistos: HTR 29, ’36, 39–88, Gk. text of Sb 7835 cited in this article was not reprinted in Nock, Essays: s. New Docs 1, 28]. θεὸς ὕψιστος: ins fr. Cyprus in BCH 20, 1896 p. 361; Sb 589 [II B.C.]; 1323, 1 [II A.D.]; OGI 378, 1 [I A.D.] θεῷ ἁγίω ὑψίστῳ; 755, 1f τοῦ ἁγιωτάτου [θεοῦ ὑψί]στου σωτῆρος; 756, 3–4 τοῦ ἁγιατάτου θεοῦ ὑψίστου: PGM 4, 1068 ἱερὸν φῶς τοῦ ὑψίστου θεοῦ; 5, 46; 12, 63; 71; New Docs 1, 25 no. 5. Isis as ὑψ. θεός: IAndrosIsis [Kyrene] 7 p. 129 Peek. Also simply Ὕψιστος CIG 499; 502. Other ins and pap New Docs 1, 25–28. On the syncretistic communities of the σεβόμενοι θεὸν ὕψιστον cp. ESchürer, SBBerlAk 1897, 200–225, History III 169; FCumont, Hypsistos: Suppl. à la Rev. de l’instruction publique en Belgique 1897, Pauly-W. s.v. Hypsistos; Kl. Pauly II 129f; APlassart, Mélanges Holleaux 1913, 201ff; Clemen² 58–60. Whether Israelite influence is present cannot be established, for the use of ὕψιστος pervades Gr-Rom. texts [s. lit. cited above and Nock, Essays I 414–43; s. also New Docs 1, 25–29], but ‘God Most High’ certainly has a firm place in Israelite experience, and OT usage [LXX] would account for its use in the NT, coupled w. semantic opportunity provided by polytheistic formulation. Examples of usage across cultural lines include: OGI 96, 5–7 [III/II B.C.]; APF 5, 1913, p. 163 [29 B.C.] θεῷ μεγάλῳ μεγάλῳ ὑψίστω; En, TestAbr, Test12Patr, JosAs; ApcEsdr1, 2 p. 24, 5 Tdf.; ApcZeph; Philo, In Flacc. 46, Ad Gai. 278; 317; Jos., Ant. 16, 163; Ar. 15, 1; Just., D. 32, 3; 124, 1; the Jewish prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 352ff=LAE 416; SIG 1181, 1f]; CIJ I, 690, 727–30; SibOr 3, 519; 719; Ezek. Trag. 239 [in Eus., PE 9, 29, 14]; Philo Epicus: 729 Fgm. 3, 2 Jac. [Eus., PE 9, 24]; ὁ μέγας καὶ ὕψ. θεός Hippol., Ref. 9, 15, 1; ANock, CRoberts, TSkeat, HTR 29, 36, 39–88). ὁ θεὸς ὁ ὕψ. (cp. Theoph. Ant. 2, 3 [p. 100, 1]) Mk 5:7; Lk 8:28; Ac 16:17; Hb 7:1 (Gen 14:18). τὸν ὕψ. θεόν GJs 24:1. ὁ ὕψ. (TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 10 [Stone p. 22]; oft. Test12Patr; JosAs 8:10; ApcEsdr 1:2; Just., D. 32, 3. ἡ δύναμις τοῦ ὑ. Hippol., Ref. 6, 35, 7) Ac 7:48; 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8); 45:7; 52:3 (Ps 49:14). ὁ μόνος ὕψ. 59:3 (s. 1 above, end). Also without the art. (En 10:1; TestSim 2:5; TestLevi 8:15; Just., D. 124, 1 and 4; Mel., P. 98, 752 [w. art. Ps 17:14]) ὕψ. Lk 1:35, 76. υἱὸς ὑψίστου vs. 32 (of Christ; on the association of υἱὸς ὑψίστου and υἱὸς θεοῦ [vs. 34] cp. the Aramaic text 4QpsDan A^a [=4Q 246], JFitzmyer, NTS 20, ’73/74, 382–407 [esp. 391–94]); also GJs 11:3; in the pl. of humans (cp. Sir 4:10) Lk 6:35. πατὴρ ὕψ. IRo ins.—DNP V 821–23. DELG s.v. ὕψι. M-M. TW.

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `night' (Il.).

Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. νυκτο-μαχ-ία, - ίη f. abstract formation as if from *νυκτο-μάχος; νυκτο-μαχέω Plu.), νυκτί-πλαγκτος `causing to wander by night' (A.; with locativ. 1. member, partly prob. also analogical; cf. below); as 2. member e.g. in ἀωρό-νυκτ-ος `in untimely nightly hour' (A. Ch. 34), μεσο-νύκτ-ιος `in the middle of the night' (Pi., Hp.; from μέσαι νύκτες); besides - νυχ-, e.g. ἔν-νυχ-ος, ἐν-νύχ-ιος `nightly, in the night' (Il.), νύχιος `nightly' (Hes.), νυχεύω `wake through the night' (E., Nic.); cf. below.

Derivatives: Many derivv., most with ρ-suffix (s. below): 1. νύκτωρ adv. `at night' (Hes., Archil.); 2. νύκτερος `nightly' (trag.) with νυκτερίς, - ίδος f. `bat' (Od., cf. Lommel Femininbild. 53), also as fish- and plantname (Opp., resp. Aët.; Strömberg Fischn. 111, s. also Pflanzenn. 74 on ἑσπερίς a.o.), νυκτερῖτις, - ιδος f. ' ἀναγαλλὶς ἡ κυανῆ' (Ps.-Dsc.; Redard 74f.), νυκτερεύω `pass the night waking', also with δια-, ἐν- etc. (X.), from which νυκτερ-εία f. `nightly chase' (Pl.), - ευμα n. `nightquarters' (Plb.), - ευτής m. `nightly hunter' (Pl.), - ευτικός `useful in nightly hunt' (X.); 3. νυκτέριος `nightly' (Aret., Luc.), τὰ νυκτέρεια = ἡ νυκτερεία (Eun.); 4. νυκτερινός `id.' (IA.) with νυκτερινία or - εία f. `direction of night watch' (Ephesos I<sup>p</sup>; wr. - ηα); 5. νυκτερήσιος `id.' (Luc., S. E.; for - ίσιος?, s. Fraenkel 2, 151, n. 1 a. below). -- Further the rare νύκτιος `nightly' (AP), νυκτῳ̃ον n. `temple of the night' (Luc.), after μητρῳ̃ον a. o., Νυκτεύς m. PN (Apollod., prob. shortname; Bosshardt 125 f.). -- On itself stands with λ-sufflx νυκτάλωψ, s. v. But νυκτέλιος adjunct of Dionysos (AP, Plu., Paus.) haplologically for *νυκτι-τέλιος as hypostasis of νύξ and τέλος ( τελέω), cf. νυκτελεῖν ἐν νυκτὶ τελεῖν H. and Schwyzer 483.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [762] * nekʷt- `night'

Etymology: Old inherited word for `night', in most IE languages retained: Lat. nox, gen. pl. nocti-um, Germ., e.g. Goth. nahts, Skt. nák, acc. nákt-am (as adv.), Lith. naktìs, gen. pl. nakt-ų̄, Slav., e.g. OCS noštь etc., all from IE * nokt-; the i-stem in Lat. nocti-um, Lith. nakt-ìs, OCS nošt-ь etc. comes from innovations of the separate languages. The deviating υ in νύξ is often explained as reduced grade e.g. by Brugmann (e.g. Grundr.<sup>2</sup>II: 1,435), who sees in it the reflex of a following labiovelar; basis then * nokʷt-, what is confirmed by Hitt. nekuz (gen. sg.) from IE * nekʷt-s. Diff. W. Petersen AmJPh. 56, 56f. (υ after *λύξ in ἀμφι-λύκ-η etc.); Sapir Lang. 14, 274 (υ from a laryngal, which is certainly wrong); diff. still H. Petersson LUÅ, NF 11: 5, 12 f. (rejected by imself Heteroklisie 122 f.). -- The pregr. existence of the r-stem in νύκτωρ (formation like ὕδωρ?; Schwyzer 519 a. n. 4) etc. is proven by Lat. nocturnus; the further formation of the adjectives goes partly parallel to the derivv. from ἦμαρ, ἡμέρα: νυκτερινός: ἡμερινός, νυκτέριος: ἡμέριος, νυκτερήσιος: ἡμερήσιος (s.v.); also νυκτερεύω: ἡμερεύω. Diff., hardly correct on νύκτερος Szemerényi Glotta 38, 120: innovation after ἕσπερος. An i-stem, alternating with the r-stem, is supposed by Benveniste Origines 81 with doubtful right in the 1. member νυκτι--; cf. above. -- The aspirated and t-less form in νύχα νύκτωρ H., ἔν-νυχ-ος, - ιος, εἰνά-νυχ-ες, `nine nights long', νύχιος etc. is attested only for Greek; a convincing explanation has not yet been given; s. the lit. in W.-Hofmann s. nox (with many details) and WP. 2, 338; also Specht Ursprung 220 and Austin Lang. 18, 24 (with Belardi Doxa 3, 215). On - νυχ- as 2. member also Sommer Nominalkomp. 64 f.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `night' (Il.).

Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. νυκτο-μαχ-ία, - ίη f. abstract formation as if from *νυκτο-μάχος; νυκτο-μαχέω Plu.), νυκτί-πλαγκτος `causing to wander by night' (A.; with locativ. 1. member, partly prob. also analogical; cf. below); as 2. member e.g. in ἀωρό-νυκτ-ος `in untimely nightly hour' (A. Ch. 34), μεσο-νύκτ-ιος `in the middle of the night' (Pi., Hp.; from μέσαι νύκτες); besides - νυχ-, e.g. ἔν-νυχ-ος, ἐν-νύχ-ιος `nightly, in the night' (Il.), νύχιος `nightly' (Hes.), νυχεύω `wake through the night' (E., Nic.); cf. below.

Derivatives: Many derivv., most with ρ-suffix (s. below): 1. νύκτωρ adv. `at night' (Hes., Archil.); 2. νύκτερος `nightly' (trag.) with νυκτερίς, - ίδος f. `bat' (Od., cf. Lommel Femininbild. 53), also as fish- and plantname (Opp., resp. Aët.; Strömberg Fischn. 111, s. also Pflanzenn. 74 on ἑσπερίς a.o.), νυκτερῖτις, - ιδος f. ' ἀναγαλλὶς ἡ κυανῆ' (Ps.-Dsc.; Redard 74f.), νυκτερεύω `pass the night waking', also with δια-, ἐν- etc. (X.), from which νυκτερ-εία f. `nightly chase' (Pl.), - ευμα n. `nightquarters' (Plb.), - ευτής m. `nightly hunter' (Pl.), - ευτικός `useful in nightly hunt' (X.); 3. νυκτέριος `nightly' (Aret., Luc.), τὰ νυκτέρεια = ἡ νυκτερεία (Eun.); 4. νυκτερινός `id.' (IA.) with νυκτερινία or - εία f. `direction of night watch' (Ephesos I<sup>p</sup>; wr. - ηα); 5. νυκτερήσιος `id.' (Luc., S. E.; for - ίσιος?, s. Fraenkel 2, 151, n. 1 a. below). -- Further the rare νύκτιος `nightly' (AP), νυκτῳ̃ον n. `temple of the night' (Luc.), after μητρῳ̃ον a. o., Νυκτεύς m. PN (Apollod., prob. shortname; Bosshardt 125 f.). -- On itself stands with λ-sufflx νυκτάλωψ, s. v. But νυκτέλιος adjunct of Dionysos (AP, Plu., Paus.) haplologically for *νυκτι-τέλιος as hypostasis of νύξ and τέλος ( τελέω), cf. νυκτελεῖν ἐν νυκτὶ τελεῖν H. and Schwyzer 483.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [762] * nekʷt- `night'

Etymology: Old inherited word for `night', in most IE languages retained: Lat. nox, gen. pl. nocti-um, Germ., e.g. Goth. nahts, Skt. nák, acc. nákt-am (as adv.), Lith. naktìs, gen. pl. nakt-ų̄, Slav., e.g. OCS noštь etc., all from IE * nokt-; the i-stem in Lat. nocti-um, Lith. nakt-ìs, OCS nošt-ь etc. comes from innovations of the separate languages. The deviating υ in νύξ is often explained as reduced grade e.g. by Brugmann (e.g. Grundr.<sup>2</sup>II: 1,435), who sees in it the reflex of a following labiovelar; basis then * nokʷt-, what is confirmed by Hitt. nekuz (gen. sg.) from IE * nekʷt-s. Diff. W. Petersen AmJPh. 56, 56f. (υ after *λύξ in ἀμφι-λύκ-η etc.); Sapir Lang. 14, 274 (υ from a laryngal, which is certainly wrong); diff. still H. Petersson LUÅ, NF 11: 5, 12 f. (rejected by imself Heteroklisie 122 f.). -- The pregr. existence of the r-stem in νύκτωρ (formation like ὕδωρ?; Schwyzer 519 a. n. 4) etc. is proven by Lat. nocturnus; the further formation of the adjectives goes partly parallel to the derivv. from ἦμαρ, ἡμέρα: νυκτερινός: ἡμερινός, νυκτέριος: ἡμέριος, νυκτερήσιος: ἡμερήσιος (s.v.); also νυκτερεύω: ἡμερεύω. Diff., hardly correct on νύκτερος Szemerényi Glotta 38, 120: innovation after ἕσπερος. An i-stem, alternating with the r-stem, is supposed by Benveniste Origines 81 with doubtful right in the 1. member νυκτι--; cf. above. -- The aspirated and t-less form in νύχα νύκτωρ H., ἔν-νυχ-ος, - ιος, εἰνά-νυχ-ες, `nine nights long', νύχιος etc. is attested only for Greek; a convincing explanation has not yet been given; s. the lit. in W.-Hofmann s. nox (with many details) and WP. 2, 338; also Specht Ursprung 220 and Austin Lang. 18, 24 (with Belardi Doxa 3, 215). On - νυχ- as 2. member also Sommer Nominalkomp. 64 f.

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μάλιστα (superl. of the adv. μάλα; Hom.+).

① to an unusual degree, most of all, above all, especially, particularly, (very) greatly Ac 20:38; 1 Ti 4:10; 5:17; 2 Ti 4:13; Tit 1:10; Phlm 16; 1 Cl 13:1; Dg 1; 3:1; IEph 20:2; IPhld ins; MPol 13:1; Hv 1, 1, 8. καὶ μ. and above all, particularly (Plut., Mor. 835e; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 27; Just., D. 84, 4) Ac 25:26; 1 Ti 5:8; Hv 1, 2, 4. μ. δέ but especially (Il. 1, 16; Lesbonax Gramm. [II A.D.] p. 8 [ed. RMüller 1900]; TestAbr B 4 p. 109, 6 [Stone p. 66]; Jos., Vi. 14; Just., D. 4, 5; 48, 2) Gal 6:10; Phil 4:22; 2 Pt 2:10; IPol 3:1; Hm 12, 1, 2; Hs 8, 6, 5; 9, 10, 7. μ. γνώστην ὄντα σε since you are outstandingly familiar Ac 26:3 (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 26 §100 ὁ μάλιστα ἐχθρός=the bitterest enemy).

② marker of high level of certitude, in answer to a question, most assuredly, certainly 1 Cl 43:6 (Just., A II, 2, 18; D. 49, 2 al.).—DELG s.v. μάλα. M-M.

μή (Hom.+) negative particle, ‘not’: ‘μή is the negative of will, wish, doubt. If οὐ denies the fact, μή denies the idea’ (Rob. 1167). For the Koine of the NT the usage is simplified to such a degree that οὐ is generally the neg. used w. the indicative, and μή is used w. the other moods (B-D-F §426; Rob. 1167).

① marker of negation, not

ⓐ in negative clauses

α. in conditional clauses after ἐάν Mt 5:20; 6:15; 10:13; 12:29; 18:3, 16, 35; 26:42; Mk 3:27; 7:3f; 10:30; 12:19; Lk 13:3, 5; J 3:2f, 5, 27 al. After ὸ̔ς ἄν (=ἐάν) Mt 10:14; 11:6; 19:9; Mk 6:11; 10:15; 11:23; Lk 8:18; 18:17. After ὅσοι ἄν Lk 9:5; Rv 13:15. After ὅστις ἄν Ac 3:23. After εἰ in a simple condition (B-D-F §428, 1) Lk 6:4; 1 Ti 6:3. After εἰ in a contrary to fact condition (B-D-F §428, 2; Rob. 1169) Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; J 9:33; 15:22, 24; 18:30; 19:11; Ac 26:32; Ro 7:7. εἰ μή if not, except (that), εἰ δὲ μήγε otherwise with verb and elliptically (B-D-F §428, 3; 439, 1; Rob. 1024f; cp. POxy 1185, 30) Mt 5:13; 6:1; 9:17; 11:27; 12:4, 24 and very oft. (GHarder, 1 Cor 7:17: TLZ 79, ’54, 367–72).

β. in purpose clauses ἵνα μή in order that…not Mt 5:29f; 7:1; 17:27; Mk 3:9; 4:12; Lk 8:10, 12; 16:28; J 3:20; 7:23; Ac 2:25 (Ps 15:8); 4:17; 24:4; Ro 11:25; 15:20 al. ὅπως μή in order that…not Mt 6:18; Lk 16:26; Ac 20:16; 1 Cor 1:29. μὴ ἵνα IRo 3:2. On the inf. w. neg. as periphrasis for purpose clauses s. below.

γ. in result clauses ὥστε μή w. inf. foll. (cp. PHib 66, 5) so that not Mt 8:28; Mk 3:20; 1 Cor 1:7; 2 Cor 3:7; 1 Th 1:8; w. impv. foll. 1 Cor 4:5.

δ. in interrog. clauses w. an element of doubt: δῶμεν ἢ μὴ δῶμεν; should we pay (them) or should we not? Mk 12:14.

ε. in a few relative clauses (B-D-F §428, 4; Mlt. 171; 239f) διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ Tit 1:11 (cp. Lucian, Dial. Deor. 13, 1; PGM 4, 2653 ὸ̔ μὴ θέμις γενέσθαι; CPR I, 19, 17; 2 Macc 12:14; Sir 13:24). The literary language is the source of ᾧ μὴ πάρεστιν ταῦτα τυφλός ἐστιν 2 Pt 1:9, where the relat. clause has a hypothetical sense. ὅσα μὴ θέλετε Ac 15:29 D. Cp. Col 2:18 v.l. On ὸ̔ μὴ ὁμολογεῖ (v.l. ὸ̔ λύει) 1J 4:3 s. ARahlfs, TLZ 40, 1915, 525.

ζ. in a causal clause contrary to the rule, which calls for οὐ: ὅτι μὴ πεπίστευκεν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα J 3:18 (cp. Epict. 4, 4, 8; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 217 διήμαρτον, ὅτι μὴ ταῖς ἱεραῖς ἡμῶν βίβλοις ἐνέτυχον; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 8, 4; 11, 8; 32; Ath. 14, 2 ὅτι μὴ κοινῶς ἐκείνοις θεοσεβοῦμεν; Dio Chrys. 31, 94; 110.—B-D-F §428, 5; Mlt. 171; 239; Mlt-Turner 284; Rahlfs, loc. cit.).

ⓑ w. various moods

α. w. inf. (B-D-F §399, 3; 400, 4; 5; Mlt-Turner 285f)

א. after verbs expressing a negative concept, usu. omitted in translation ἀντιλέγοντες ἀνάστασιν μὴ εἶναι Lk 20:27 (v.l. λέγοντες). ἀπαρνεῖσθαι 22:34. παραιτεῖσθαι Hb 12:19. ἐγκόπτειν τινά Gal 5:7. προσέχειν Mt 6:1. οὐ δύναμαι μὴ I can do nothing else than Ac 4:20.

ב. gener., after verbs of saying, reporting, ordering, judging, etc.—in declarative clauses: after ἀποκρίνεσθαι Lk 20:7. λέγειν Mt 22:23; Mk 12:18; Lk 20:27 v.l.; Ac 23:8; AcPlCor 2:19. ὀμνύναι Hb 3:18. θέλειν Ro 13:3. χρηματίζεσθαι Lk 2:26.—In clauses denoting a summons or challenge: after λέγειν Mt 5:34, 39; Ac 21:4; Ro 2:22; 12:3. γράφειν 1 Cor 5:9, 11. κηρύσσειν Ro 2:21. παραγγέλλειν Ac 1:4; 4:18; 5:28, 40; 1 Cor 7:10f (w. acc.); 1 Ti 1:3; 6:17. αἰτεῖσθαι Eph 3:13. εὔχεσθαι 2 Cor 13:7 (w. acc.). χρηματίζεσθαι Mt 2:12. ἀξιοῦν Ac 15:38. βοᾶν 25:24.

ג. after predicates that contain a judgment upon the thing expressed by the inf. (with or without the art.; cp. Just., D. 68, 8 ταῦτα τολμῶσι λέγειν μὴ οὕτως γεγράφθαι): καλόν (sc. ἐστιν) 1 Cor 7:1 (ApcEsdr 1, 6, 21); Gal 4:18; cp. Ro 14:21. ἄλογον Ac 25:27 (w. acc.). κρεῖττον ἦν 2 Pt 2:21. αἱρετώτερον ἦν αὐτοῖς τὸ μὴ γεννηθῆναι Hv 4, 2, 6. Cp. δεῖ Ac 27:21 (cp. use w. ἐχρῆν TestJob 37:6).

ד. w. gen. of the subst. inf.: τοῦ μή that not (Lat. ne): after verbs of hindering κατέχειν Lk 4:42. παύειν 1 Pt 3:10 (Ps 33:14). καταπαύειν Ac 14:18. κωλύειν 10:47. κρατεῖσθαι Lk 24:16; cp. ἀνένδεκτόν ἐστιν τοῦ…μὴ ἐλθεῖν 17:1.—Also after other expressions: ὀφθαλμοὶ τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν eyes that should not see, ears that should not hear Ro 11:8, 10 (Ps 68:24). In place of a result clause: τοῦ μὴ εἶναι αὐτὴν μοιχαλίδα so that she commits no adultery, if... 7:3.

ה. w. subst. inf. after prepositions: εἰς τὸ μή so that…not; to the end that…not Ac 7:19; 1 Cor 10:6; 2 Cor 4:4. W. acc. and inf. foll. 2 Th 2:2; 1 Pt 3:7.—διὰ τὸ μή because…not (PPetr II, 11, 1, 7 [III B.C.] τοῦτο δὲ γίνεται διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀθροῦν ἡμᾶς; 2 Macc 2:11; ApcMos 42 διὰ τὸ μὴ γινώσκειν; Just., D. 95, 1 διὰ τὸ μὴ πάντα φυλάξαι; Tat. 2, 1 διὰ τὸ μὴ βούλεσθαι) Mt 13:5f; Mk 4:5f; Lk 8:6; Js 4:2 (w. acc.).—πρὸς τὸ μὴ in order that…not (Ptolem. Pap. aus Alexandria 4, 3 in Witkowski p. 51 πρὸς τὸ μὴ γίνεσθαι τῷ βασιλεῖ τὸ χρήσιμον; Esth 3:13d, e; Bar 1:19; 2:5) 2 Cor 3:13; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8.

ו. w. dat. of the subst. inf. τῷ μή because…not 2 Cor 2:13.

ז. w. nom. or acc. of the subst. inf. (2 Esdr 6:8; s. B-D-F §399, 3; s. Rob. 1038) Ro 14:13; 2 Cor 2:1; 10:2; 1 Th 4:6.

β. very oft. w. the ptc., in keeping w. the tendency of later Gk. to prefer μή to οὐ; exceptions in B-D-F §430; s. Rob. 1172.

א. μή is regularly used to negative the ptc. used w. the article, when the ptc. has a hypothet. sense or refers to no particular person, and has a general mng. (Artem. 4, 22 p. 215, 14 οἱ μὴ νοσοῦντες; ParJer 6:24 ὁ δὲ μὴ ἀκούων; Just., A I, 4, 2 τοὺς μὴ ἐλεγχομένους): ὁ μὴ ὢν μετʼ ἐμοῦ every one who is not with me Mt 12:30ab; Lk 11:23ab; ὁ μὴ πιστεύων J 3:18. πᾶς ὁ μή... Mt 7:26; 1J 3:10ab; 2J 9. πάντες οἱ μή 2 Th 2:12. μακάριοι οἱ μή J 20:29; cp. Ro 14:22. τῶν τὴν ψυχὴν μὴ δυναμένων ἀποκτεῖναι Mt 10:28b and oft.

ב. w. the ptc. when it has conditional, causal, or concessive sense: πᾶν δένδρον μὴ ποιοῦν Mt 3:10; 7:19. Cp. 9:36; 13:19; Lk 11:24. θερίσομεν μὴ ἐκλυόμενοι we will reap, if we do not become weary (before the harvest) Gal 6:9. μὴ ὄντος νόμου when there is no law Ro 5:13. νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες although they have no law 2:14. μὴ ὢν αὐτὸς ὑπὸ νόμον though I am not under the law 1 Cor 9:20 (cp. TestAbr B 11 p. 115, 22 [Stone p. 78] μὴ ἰδὼν θάνατον). μὴ μεμαθηκώς without having learned (them) J 7:15 (cp. TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 1 [Stone p. 60] μὴ εἰδὼς τίς ἐστιν; TestJob 11:7 μὴ λαμβάνων…ἐνέχυρα; Just., A I, 5, 1 μὴ φροντίζοντες, D. 110, 2 μὴ συνιέντες). μὴ ἔχοντος δὲ αὐτοῦ ἀποδοῦναι but since he could not pay it back Mt 18:25. μὴ βουλόμενος since (God) did not wish to AcPlCor 2:12 (cp. TestAbrB 5 p. 109, 24f [Stone p. 66] μὴ θέλων…παρακοῦσαι).

ג. when it is to be indicated that the statement has subjective validity (Just., D. 115, 3 ὡς μὴ γεγενημένου ἱερέως): ὡς μὴ λαβών as though you had not received 1 Cor 4:7. ὡς μὴ ἐρχομένου μου vs. 18.

ד. but also very freq. where earlier Gk. would require οὐ (on developments s. Schwyzer II 595f; B-D-F §430, 3; Burton §485 [464 Z.]; cp. οὐ 2b; for μή here, cp. Just., A I, 3, 9, 3 ἄνδρες δεκαδύο…λαλεῖν μὴ δυνάμενοι; D. 85, 4 διὰ τοὺς μὴ…συνόντας ἡμῖν; Mel., P. 71, 518f): τὰ μὴ ὄντα what does not exist (in reality, not only in Paul’s opinion) Ro 4:17; 1 Cor 1:28 (Philo, Op. M. 81 τὸ τὰ μὴ ὄντα εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραγαγεῖν; Ath. 4:2 τὸ ὸ̓ν οὐ γίνεται ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ὄν); Hv 1, 1, 6. τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα what is unseen 2 Cor 4:18ab. τὰ μὴ δέοντα 1 Ti 5:13. τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα (3 Macc 4:16) Ro 1:28. τὰ μὴ σαλευόμενα Hb 12:27. τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν 2 Cor 5:21. τυφλὸς μὴ βλέπων Ac 13:11. S. also μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει κατενόησεν Ro 4:19 where, as oft., the main idea is expressed by the ptc.

ⓒ in a prohibitive sense in independent clauses, to express a negative wish or a warning

α. w. subjunctive let us not, we should not: pres. subj. μὴ γινώμεθα κενόδοξοι Gal 5:26. μὴ ἐγκακῶμεν 6:9. μὴ καθεύδωμεν 1 Th 5:6; cp. 1 Cor 5:8. W. aor. subj. μὴ σχίσωμεν αὐτόν J 19:24.

β. w. optative (B-D-F §427, 4; Rob. 1170) μὴ αὐτοῖς λογισθείη 2 Ti 4:16 (cp. Job 27:5). ἐμοὶ δὲ μὴ γένοιτο καυχᾶσθαι Gal 6:14 (cp. 1 Macc 9:10; 13:5). Esp. in the formula μὴ γένοιτο (s. γίνομαι 4a) Lk 20:16; Ro 3:4, 31; 6:2, 15; 7:7, 13; 9:14; 11:1, 11; 1 Cor 6:15; Gal 2:17; 3:21.

γ. w. pres. impv.

א. to express a command that is generally valid (TestReub 2:10) μὴ γίνεσθε ὡς οἱ ὑποκριταί Mt 6:16; cp. vs. 19. μὴ μεριμνᾶτε τῇ ψυχῇ ὑμῶν vs. 25; Lk 12:22.—Mt 7:1; 10:31; 19:6; Lk 6:30; 10:4, 7; 1 Cor 6:9; 7:5, 12f, 18; Eph 4:26 (Ps 4:5), 29 and oft.

ב. to bring to an end a condition now existing (Aeschyl., Sept. 1036; Chariton 2, 7, 5 μὴ ὀργίζου=‘be angry no longer’; PHib 56, 7 [249 B.C.]; PAmh 37, 7; POxy 295, 5; Wsd 1:12 and elsewh. LXX; TestAbr B 9 p. 113, 20 [Stone p. 74]; JosAs 14:11; GrBar 7:6 and ApcMos 16 μὴ φοβοῦ; Just., D. 87, 1 μὴ…λοιπὸν ὑπολάμβανε; Mlt. 122ff) μὴ φοβεῖσθε do not be afraid (any longer) Mt 14:27; 17:7; Lk 2:10; cp. 1:13, 30. μὴ κλαῖε do not weep (any more) 7:13; cp. 23:28 (GrBar16:1) μὴ σκύλλου do not trouble yourself (any further) 7:6; cp. 8:49 v.l. (TestAbr B 2 p. 107, 2 [Stone p. 62] μὴ σκύλλε τὸ παιδάριον).—9:50; Mk 9:39; J 2:16; 6:43. μὴ γράφε do not write (any longer)=it must no longer stand written 19:21. μή μου ἅπτου do not cling to me any longer = let go of me 20:17. μὴ γίνου ἄπιστος vs. 27.—Ac 10:15; 20:10; Ro 11:18, 20; 1 Th 5:19; Js 2:1 and oft.

δ. w. aor. impv. (Od. 16, 301; Lucian, Paras. μὴ δότε; 1 Km 17:32; TestJob 45:1 μὴ ἐπιλάθεσθε τοῦ κυρίου) μὴ ἐπιστρεψάτω Mt 24:18; Lk 17:31b. μὴ καταβάτω Mt 24:17; Mk 13:15; Lk 17:31a. μὴ γνώτω Mt 6:3.

ε. w. aor. subj.

א. almost always to prevent a forbidden action fr. beginning (Plut., Alex. 696 [54, 6] μὴ φιλήσῃς=‘don’t kiss’; PPetr II, 40a, 12 [III B.C.]; POxy 744, 11; BGU 380, 19; LXX; TestAbr A 2 p. 79, 8 [Stone p. 6] μὴ ἐνέγκωσιν ἵππους; 16 p. 97, 5 [Stone p. 42] μὴ ἐκφοβήσῃς αὐτόν; TestJob 39:11 μὴ κάμητε εἰκῇ; ParJer 3:5 μὴ ἀπολέσητε τὴν πόλιν; ApcEsdr 7:11 μὴ μνησθῇς; Just., D. 137, 1 μὴ κακόν τι εἴπητε.—This is the sense of μὴ θαυμάσῃς Herm. Wr. 11, 17; s. ב below) μὴ φοβηθῇς Mt 1:20; 10:26 (JosAs 23:15; cp. TestJob 17:6 μὴ φοβηθῆτε ὅλως). μὴ δόξητε 3:9; cp. 5:17. μὴ ἅψῃ Col 2:21. μὴ ἀποστραφῇς Mt 5:42. μὴ κτήσησθε 10:9 and oft. Also w. the third pers. of the aor. subj. μή τις αὐτὸν ἐξουθενήσῃ no one is to slight him 1 Cor 16:11. μή τίς με δόξῃ εἶναι 2 Cor 11:16. μή τις ὑμᾶς ἐξαπατήσῃ 2 Th 2:3. μὴ σκληρύνητε Hb 3:8, 15 (quot. fr. Ps 94:8) is hardly a pres. subj.; it is rather to be regarded as an aor.

ב. only rarely to put an end to a condition already existing (the pres. impv. is regularly used for this; s. above 1 cγב) (TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 19 [Stone p. 70] μὴ κλαύσῃς weep no more) μὴ θαυμάσῃς you need no longer wonder J 3:7 (‘you needn’t be surprised’: s. Mlt. 124; 126; and s. א above).

ζ. in abrupt expressions without a verb (ParJer 1:7 μὴ κύριέ μου): μὴ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ (we must) not (proceed against him) during the festival Mt 26:5; Mk 14:2. Cp. J 18:40. καὶ μὴ (ποιήσωμεν) Ro 3:8 (B-D-F §427, 4). μὴ ὀκνηροὶ (γίνεσθε) 12:11. Cp. 14:1; Gal 5:13; Eph 6:6 al. (B-D-F §481).

② marker of conjunction

ⓐ after verbs of fearing, etc. that…(not), lest B-D-F §370.

α. w. pres. subj. (3 Macc 2:23) ἐπισκοποῦντες…μή τις ῥίζα…ἐνοχλῇ Hb 12:15

β. w. aor. subj. (Pla., Apol. 1, 17a) φοβηθεὶς μὴ διασπασθῇ Ac 23:10. Also after a pres. 27:17 (cp. Tob 6:15). After βλέπειν in the mng. take care (PLond III, 964, 9 p. 212 [II/III A.D.] βλέπε μὴ ἐπιλάθῃ μηδέν) Mt 24:4; Mk 13:5; Lk 21:8; Ac 13:40; 1 Cor 10:12; Gal 5:15; Hb 12:25. σκοπῶν σεαυτὸν, μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς Gal 6:1. στελλόμενοι τοῦτο, μή τις ἡμάς μωμήσηται 2 Cor 8:20. ὁρᾶν Mt 18:10; 1 Th 5:15. Elliptically, like an aposiopesis ὅρα μή take care! you must not do that! Rv 19:10; 22:9 (B-D-F §480, 5; Rob. 932; 1203).

γ. w. fut. ind. instead of the subj. following (X., Cyr. 4, 1, 18 ὅρα μὴ πολλῶν ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν χειρῶν δεήσει) βλέπετε μή τις ἔσται Col 2:8; cp. Hb 3:12

ⓑ taking the place of a purpose clause=so that…not: w. aor. subj. Mk 13:36; Ac 27:42; 2 Cor 12:6.

③ marker of expectation of a negative anwer to a question (B-D-F §427, 2; 4; 440; Rob. 1168; 1175; Mlt-Turner 283).

ⓐ in direct questions (X. Eph. 398, 26 H.; Job 1:9; 8:11; TestAbr A 2 p. 79, 9f [Stone p. 6]; B 6 p. 110, 6 [Stone p. 68]; TestJob 15, 6; 27, 1; ApcSed 7:2; ApcMos 8:27) somewhat along the lines ‘it isn’t so, is it, that...?’, with expectation of a neg. answer; in tr. the negation can in fact be variously expressed in a form suggesting that an inappropriate answer would be met with complete dismay, e.g. μή τινος ὑστερήσατε; you didn’t lack anything, did you? Lk 22:35; μὴ λίθον ἐπιδώσει αὐτῷ; will one give the person a stone? Mt 7:9; sim. vs. 10; 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34; 11:11 v.l.; 17:9; J 3:4; 4:12, 33; 6:67; 7:35, 51f; 21:5 (cp. μήτι); Ac 7:28 (Ex 2:14), 42 (Am 5:25); Ro 3:3, 5 (cp. Job 8:3); 9:14, 20 (Is 29:16); 1 Cor 1:13; 9:8f; 10:22 al. μὴ γάρ J 7:41; 1 Cor 11:22.—In cases like Ro 10:18f; 1 Cor 9:4f μή is an interrog. word and οὐ negatives the verb. The double negative causes one to expect an affirmative answer (B-D-F §427, 2; s. Rob. 1173f; Tetrast. Iamb. 17, 2 p. 266 μὴ οὐκ ἔστι χλόη;=‘there is grass, is there not?’).

ⓑ in indirect questions whether…not Lk 11:35 (cp. Epict. 4, 5, 18a; Arrian, Anab. 4, 20, 2 μή τι βίαιον ξυνέβη=whether anything violent has happened [hopefully not]; Jos., Ant. 6, 115).

④ marker of reinforced negation, in combination w. οὐ, μή has the effect of strengthening the negation (Kühner-G. II 221–23; Schwyzer II 317; Mlt. 187–92 [a thorough treatment of NT usage]; B-D-F §365; RLudwig: D. prophet. Wort 31 ’37, 272–79; JLee, NovT 27, ’85, 18–23; B-D-F §365.—Pla., Hdt. et al. [Kühner-G. loc. cit.]; SIG 1042, 16; POxy 119, 5, 14f; 903, 16; PGM 5, 279; 13, 321; LXX; TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 11 [Stone p. 46]; JosAs 20:3; GrBar 1:7; ApcEsdr 2:7; Just., D. 141, 2). οὐ μή is the most decisive way of negativing someth. in the future.

ⓐ w. the subj.

α. w. aor. subj. (TestAbr A 17 p. 99, 7 οὐ μὴ δυνηθῇς θεάσασθαι; JosAs 20:3; ParJer 2:5; 8:5; ApcSed 12:5; 13:6; Just., D. 141, 2; Ael. Aristid. 50, 107 K.=26 p. 533 D.: οὐ μὴ ἡμῶν καταφρονήσωσι; Diogenes, Ep. 38, 5; UPZ 62, 34; 79, 19) never, certainly not, etc. Mt 5:18, 20, 26; 24:2; Mk 13:2; Lk 1:15; 6:37ab; 10:19; J 8:52; 10:28; 11:26; 13:8; 1 Cor 8:13; Hb 8:12 (Jer 38:34); 13:5; 1 Pt 2:6 (Is 28:16); Rv 2:11; 3:12; 18:21–23 al.—Also in a rhetorical question, when an affirmative answer is expected οὐ μὴ ποιήσῃ τὴν ἐκδίκησιν; will he not vindicate? Lk 18:7. οὐ μὴ πίω αὐτό; shall I not drink it? J 18:11. τίς οὐ μὴ φοβηθῇ; who shall not fear? Rv 15:4.—In relative clauses Mt 16:28; Mk 9:1; Ac 13:41 (Hab 1:5); Ro 4:8 (Ps 31:2); cp. Lk 18:30.—In declarative and interrogative sentences after ὅτι Mt 24:34; Lk 22:16 (οὐκέτι οὐ μή v.l.); J 11:56; without ὅτι Mt 26:29; Lk 13:35.—Combined w. οὐδέ: οὐδʼ οὐ μὴ γένηται (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 122, 4 [6 A.D.]) Mt 24:21 (B-D-F §431, 3).

β. w. pres. subj. Hb 13:5 v.l. ἐγκαταλείπω (accepted by Tdf., whereas most edd. read ἐγκαταλίπω)

ⓑ w. fut. ind. (En 98:12; 99:10; TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 11 [Stone p. 20] οὐ μή σοι ἀκολουθήσω; GrBar 1:7 οὐ μὴ προσθήσω; ApcEsdr 2:7 οὐ μὴ παύσομαι) οὐ μὴ ἔσται σοι τοῦτο Mt 16:22.—Hm 9:5; Hs 1:5; 4:7. Cp. Mt 15:6; 26:35; Lk 10:19 v.l.; 21:33; J 4:14; 6:35b; 10:5 (ἀκολουθήσωσιν v.l.); Hb 10:17. οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ εὑρήσουσιν Rv 18:14. οὐ γὰρ μὴ κληρονομήσει Gal 4:30 (Gen 21:10 v.l.); but the tradition wavers mostly betw. the fut. and aor. subj. (s. Mlt. and B-D-F loc. cit.).—DELG. M-M. EDNT.

⁺ D0-0-0-0-6=6 2 Mc 8,7; 3 Mc 5,3; 4 Mc 3,10; 4,22; 12,9

sup. of μάλα; most of all, above all, especially 2 Mc 8,7; exceedingly (with verbs) 4 Mc 4,22

ὡς μάλιστα certainly, very much 4 Mc 3,10 Cf. SKEAT 1979, 173-177

χρῆμα, ατος, τό: ([etym.] χράομαι):—

A need, in the phrase παρὰ χ. or παραχρῆμα (q. v.); a thing that one needs or uses, cf. X.Oec.1.9 sq. (pl.): hence in pl., goods, property (

χρήματα λέγομεν πάντα ὅσων ἡ ἀξία νομίσματι μετρεῖται Arist.EN 1119b26

), Od.2.78, 203, al. (never in Il.), Hes.Op. 320, 407, etc.; of temple-treasures, heirlooms, etc., Mnemos. 57.208 (Argos, vi B. C.);

τὰ ἱρὰ χ. τῆς Ἀθηναίης Hdt.2.28

, cf. 9.81;

θησαυρούς.. ἄλλα τε χρύσεα ἄφατα χ. Id.7.190

;

πολλῶν χ. ἐξαίρετον ἄνθος A.Ag. 954

;

πειρῶ τὸν πλοῦτον χρήματακαὶ κτήματα κατασκευάζειν· ἔστι δὲ χ. μὲν τοῖς ἀπολαύειν ἐπισταμένοις, κ. δὲ τοῖς κτᾶσθαι δυναμένοις Isoc.1.28

;

τοῖς σκεύεσι καὶ τοῖς χρήμασιν ἀποθήκη Th.6.97

; πρόβατα

καὶ ἄλλα χ. X.An.5.2.4

; τὰ ἀνδράποδα.. καὶ χρήματα τὰ πλεῖστα ἀπέδρα αὐτούς ib.7.8.12: prov., χρήματα ψυχὴ πέλεται.. βροτοῖσι a man's money is his life, Hes.Op. 686; χρήματ' ἄνηρ ' money makes the man', Alc.49, Pi.I.2.11;

ἐν χρήμασιν οἰκεῖ πατρώοις A.Eu. 757

, cf. Ch. 135; also

χρημάτων πένητες E.El.37

;

τὰ χρήματ' ἐνεχυράζομαι Ar.Nu. 241

;

χρήματα πορίζειν Id.Ec. 236

;

ἄτιμοι ἦσαν τὰ σώματα, τὰ δὲ χ. εἶχον And.1.74

;

χρημάτων ἥσσων Democr.50

;

χρημάτων κρείσσων Th.2.60

; χρήμασι νικώμενος ibid.; χρημάτων ἀδωρότατος ib. 65;

ἐλπίδα χρήμασιν ὠνητήν Id.3.40

;

μήτε χρημάτων φειδομένους μήτε πόνων Pl.Phd. 78a

;

ζημιοῦσθαι χρήμασιν Id.Lg. 721b

; even of debts,

διαλῦσαι τὰ χ. D.20.12

;

δεθέντ' ἐπὶ χρήμασιν ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ Id.24.168

.—Acc. to Poll.9.87 the [dialect] Ion. used also the sg. in this sense, and so we find, ἐπὶ κόσῳ ἂν χρήματι .. ; for how much money.. ? Answ. ἐπ' οὐδενί, Hdt.3.38; ταύτην (sc. τὴν χλανίδα) πωλέω μὲν οὐδενὸς χ. δίδωμι δὲ ἄλλως ib. 139; also in Thgn.197, χ. δ' ὃ μὲν Διόθεν καὶ σὺν δίκῃ ἀνδρὶ γένηται; in [dialect] Att., οὐδενὸς ἂν χ. δεξάμενοι at no price, And.2.4; and in later Prose, fund, sum of money, Arch. f. Religionswiss.10.211 (Cos, ii B. C.);

τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ χ. D.S.13.106

, cf. Act.Ap.4.37, Luc.VH1.20;

χρήματα

merchandise,

Heraclit. 90

, X.HG1.6.37, Th.3.74; property, substance, Berl.Sitzb.1927.161 ([place name] Cyrene).

II generally, thing, matter, affair, esp. in [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion., h.Merc. 332, Hes.Op. 344, 402;

χρημάτων ἄελπτον οὐδέν Archil. 74

;

πάντων χ. δικαιότατον Mimn.8

;

πρῶτον χρημάτων πάντων Hdt.7.145

; ἀντὶ πάντων χ. on every account, And.2.21; δεινότατον ἁπάντων χρημάτων ib.1; πᾶν χ. ἐκίνεε 'left no stone unturned', Hdt.5.96; τεκμαίρει χρῆμ' ἕκαστον 'deeds show the man', Pi.O.6.74;

πάντων χ. μέτρον ἄνθρωπος Protag.1

; περαίνεται τὸ χ. the issue is being decided, Plu.Caes.47: pl., simply, things,

ὁμοῦ πάντα χ. ἦν Anaxag.1

, cf. Pl.Cra. 440a, Euthd. 294d, Plot.4.2.1.

2 χρῆμα is freq. expressed where it might be omitted,

δεινὸν χ. ἐποιεῦντο Hdt.8.16

; οἷόν τι χ. ποιήσειε ib. 138; ἐς ἀφανὲς χ. ἀποστέλλειν ἀποικίην to send out a colony without any certain destination, Id.4.150; freq. in Trag., τί χρῆμα; = τί; what?

τί χ. λεύσσω; A.Pr. 300

, Ch.10; or why? E.Alc. 512; so in gen., τοῦ χ. (sc. ἕνεκα); Ar.Nu. 1223;

τί χ. δρᾷς; S.Aj. 288

, cf. Ph. 1231;

τί χ. πάσχει; E. Hipp. 909

; τί δ' ἐστὶ χρῆμα; what is the matter? A.Ch. 885;

πικρόν τί μοι δοκεῖ χ. εἶναι Pl.Grg. 485b

;

ἡδύ Id.Tht. 209e

, al.; μάλιστα χρημάτων most of anything, i. e. certainly, Anon.Oxy.1611.68 (iii A. D.); cf.

χρέος 11.2

.

3 used in periphrases to express something strange or extraordinary of its kind, ὑὸς χ. μέγα a huge monster of a boar, Hdt.1.36;

ἦν τοῦ χειμῶνος χ. ἀφόρητον Id.7.188

; τὸ χ. τῶν νυκτῶν ὅσον what a business the nights are! Ar.Nu.2; λιπαρὸν τὸ χ. τῆς πόλεως what a grand city! Id.Av. 826, cf. Lys.83; κλέπτον τὸ χ. τἀνδρός a thievish sort of fellow, Id.V. 933;

τὸ χ. τοῦ νοσήματος Id.Lys. 1085

; μακάριον.. λέγεις τυράννου χ. your tyrant-creature, Pl.R. 567e;

χ. θαυμαστὸν γυναικός Plu.Ant.31

: without a gen.,

ἔλαφον, καλόν τι χ. καὶ μέγα X.Cyr.1.4.8

; σοφόν τοι χρῆμ' ἄνθρωπος truly a clever creature is he! Theoc.15.83; κοῦφον χ. ποιητής ἐστιν καὶ πτηνὸν καὶ ἱερόν, of the poet, Pl. Ion 534b; χ. καλόν τι such a fine thing! Theoc.15.23; also in a periphrastic use, οὐδὲν χ. τοῦ ἀγκῶνος κάμψαι δύνανται cannot bend the elbow at all, Hp.Fract.42.

b so, to express a great number or mass, as we say, a deal, a heap of.., πολλόν τι χ. τῶν τέκνων, χ. πολλὸν ἀρδίων, νεῶν, Hdt.3.109, 4.81, 6.43;

χ. πολλόν τι χρυσοῦ Id.3.130

;

σμικρὸν τὸ χ. τοῦ βίου E. Supp. 953

; ὅσον τὸ χ. παρνόπων what a lot of locusts! Ar.Ach. 150;

ὅσον τὸ χ. τοῦ πλακοῦντος Id.Eq. 1219

;

πολὺ χ. τεμαχῶν Id.Pl. 894

; τὸ χ. τῶν κόπων ὅσον what a lot of them! Id.Ra. 1278;

τῶν λαμπάδων ὅσον τὸ χ. Id.Th. 281

; also of persons, χ. θηλειῶν womankind, E.Ph. 198;

σφενδονητῶν πάμπολύ τι χ. X.Cyr.2.1.5

;

μέγα χ. Λακαινᾶν Theoc.18.4

: without a gen., ὅσον τὸ χ. ἐπὶ δεῖπνον ἦλθε what a crowd.. ! Ar. Pax 1192.

III ( χράω (B) A) oracle, Emp.115.1.

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `juniper, Juniperus macrocarpa' (Hp.).

Other forms: ἄργετος· ἡ ἄρκευθος, Κρῆτες H.

Derivatives: ἀρκευθίς, - ίδος f. `juniper-berry' (Hp.) with ἀρκευθιδίτης ( οἶνος) `wine from or perfumed with juniper-berries' (Dsc. 5, 46 ed. Sprengel).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Because the twigs can be twined, Lidén IF 18, 507f. connected ἄρκυς `net' with a θ-suffix (Chantr. Form. 368, who remarks that most of these words are non-IE; Schwyzer 510f.); not very probable. The gloss is certainly cognate; thus R.A. Brown, Pre-Greek speech on Crete 25; on its suffix Fur. 115 n. 3. The word has always been connected with Slavic words, Russ. rakíta etc. `willow, Salix fragilis', *arkūtā. Cf. Beekes, 2000 [125 J. Idg. Graz], 27. It is clearly a substr. word.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `gangrene', illness that eats away the flesh (Hp.).

Other forms: Cf. γάγγραινα φαγέδαινα. S οἱ δε καρκίνος etc. H.

Derivatives: γαγγραινόομαι, γαγγραίνωσις etc. (Hp.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: For the suffix cf. φαγέδαινα. Basis uncertain; cf. Chantr. Form. 108f., perhaps *γάγγρων, *γάγγρος, or *γάγγρα. Alexander Polyhistor in St. Byz. s. Γάγγρα gives this word as a goat. In antiquity compared with γράω `devour', which is certainly incorrect. See Solmsen Wortforsch. 231f. Most probably a Pre-Greek word (a-vocalism, - αινα, prenasalization?). Cf. καρκίνος.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `throne, seat', also `chair of state, judge's seat'.

Dialectal forms: Myc. tono, toronowoko

Compounds: Compp., e. g. χρυσό-θρονος `with golden throne' (Il.)

Derivatives: Diminutives θρονίς f. (Them.), θρόνιον (EM, Ptol.); further θρονίτης (cod. - τις) πρώτιστος H. (cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 24); θρονιτικός `throne-like' (Sidyma); denomin. verb θρονίζομαι `be placed on the throne' (LXX) with θρονιστής `enthroner' (liter. pap.), θρονισμός `enthronisation' (D. Chr.); also θρόνωσις `id.' (Pl. Euthd. 277d; as Rite of the Corybantes) as if from *θρονόομαι; cf. Chantraine Formation 279; on the facts v. Wilamowitz Glaube 2, 187.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Formation like κλ-όνος (from κέλομαι(?); cf. also χρόνος and Κρόνος), from a verb `hold, support, bear', seen e. g. in Skt. perf. dā̆dhā́ra (would be Gr. *τέ-θορ-α), in the athem. root aor. dhr̥-thās (2. sg.), perhaps also in ἐν-θρ-εῖν φυλάσσειν H. (s. θρησκεύω); θρόνος would then be prop. "supporter, bearer". Greek relatives are: θόρναξ ὑποποδιον. Κύπριοι. η ἱερὸν Άπόλλωνος ἐν τῃ̃ Λακωνικῃ̃ H., prob. for *θρόναξ through metathesis and so directly derived from θρόνος. Forms with θρᾱ- are too far away: θρή-σασθαι with θρᾶ-νος (s. v.), θρῆ-νυς; θρά̄-σκω with θρησκεύω (s. v.); there is no indication that they have enything to do with θρόνος. - Representatives in other languages, e. g. Lat. ferē, frētus, firmus, Skt. caus. dhāráyati, dhárma- `right, custom', dháraṇa- `holding', give nothing new for Greek. More forms Pok. 252f., W.-Hofmann s. firmus, ferē, Mayrhofer s. dhāráyati. - However, Greek has no forms in - ον-ος, only - ων, - ων-ος and - ων, - ον-ος (Chantr. Form. 159ff); there is no certain instance of IE - ον-ος (as opposed to roots with o-vocalism, like βρόμ-ος); on the other hand most Greek words in - ον-ος are suspected to be of Pre-Greek origin; also there is no word for `chair' derived from the root * dher- (Pok. 252f, nor is there any Greek substantive which is certainly derived from this root (Pok. 252). So we can be rather certain that this word is Pre-Greek.

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Grammatical information: adv.

Meaning: `on (the) next year' (Semon. 1, 9); elsewhere εἰς (ἐς) νέωτα (X., Thphr.),

Other forms: delph. [ἐν ν]εω [τ]α (Del.³ 323 A 12; V--IV^a).

Derivatives: Besides in the same meaning ἐς νέω (Cyrene; also as weakly attested v. l. Theoc. 15, 143; unclear ἐς νέων BGU 958 c 13 [III^p]; s. P. Maas Riv. fil. class. 56, 413f.).

Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]

Etymology: Not certainly explained. In νέωτα one sees usually and prob. with right a comp. of νέος and ἔτος `year': *νεο-Ϝ(ε)τ-α (Curtius 208 as supposition; phonetically not convincing); *νεϜο-Ϝατ-α (Buck Glotta 1, 128 f. with further unknown weak grade of Ϝέτ-ος); *νεϜο-Ϝωτ-α (Meillet BSL 26, 15 with further unknown lengthened grade, seems the most prob. solution); *νεϜώ-Ϝετα (WP. 1,251 with rhythmically [compositional?] lengthening and haplology)? Diff. Schwyzer 622 n. 5 (asking): (ἐς) νέω prop. "from new (year) on"?; from there lengthened (ἐς) νέωτα; similarly Mezger Word 2, 231. To be rejected Sandsjoe Strena phil. Upsal. (1922) 119ff. (s. Idg. Jb. 10, 214f.). -- On the adverbs in -ᾰ in gen. Schwyzer 622 f.

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